Author :
Abstract
Bugünün dünyasında yaşayan bir insan, ömründe birden fazla travmatik olay yaşaması muhtemeldir. Bu çalışma; gözlemlenen olgulardan çıkarılan varsayımlara dayalı olarak, farklı deneyimlemler sonunda varılan sınamalar sonucu oluşturulan yeni bir teori deneyimidir. Yapılan gözlemler ve teorik okumlar sonucunda; travma deneyimi geçiren ve akut stres belirtisinden ileri bir yaşantı deneyimleyen her bireyde bir normal “ben”, bir de travmatik “ben” yapısının oluştuğunu gözlemlendi. Bu iki “ben” günlük yaşantıda birbirlerine bulaşarak rahatsızlık doğurduğu ve birbirlerini baskılayarak bir yaşantı çeşitlemesi oluşturduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu olgular doğurgusunda varılan nokta; travma yaşantısına mustarip olan bireylerde birbirinin aynı gibi gözüken (Çift Sarılı Yumurta gibi…), fakat fonksiyonel olarak birbirinin aynı işlevi görmeyen ikili bir kişiliğin oluştuğunu söyleyebiliriz. Bu nedenle bu çift yapıyı tanımlama ve travma çalışmalarına yeni bir ışık tutabilme adına yeni bir teori sunumuna çalışılmıştır.
Keywords
Abstract
A person living in today's world is likely to have more than one traumatic event in their life. This work; based on the assumptions derived from the observed events, is a new theory experience that is the result of the trials that come at the end of different experiences. As a result of observations and theoretical readings; it was observed that there was a normal "I" and a traumatic "I" structure in every individual who had a traumatic experience and experienced a life that is more advanced than the symptom of acute stress. These two "I" have been observed to transmit discomfort to each other in daily life and create a variety of experiences by suppressing each other. The point reached in these events is; we can say that individuals who suffer from the trauma experience have a dual personality that looks the same (like a Double Wrapped Egg ...) but does not functionally function in the same way. For this reason, this pair has been tried to present a new theory in order to shed new light on the identification and trauma studies.
Keywords
- Andersson, L. Lindskog, S. Blomlöf, L. Hedström, K.G. Hammarström, L. (1985). Effect Of Masticatory Stimulation On Dentoalveolar Ankylosis After Experimental Tooth Replantation. Endod Dent Traumatol V.1. Pp:13–16.
- Anastasi, A. (1982). Psychological Testing. New York: Mac Millan Publishing Co. Inc.
- Bayraktar, S. (2012). Psikolojik Travma. Ankara. Nobel Tıp yayınları
- Burgess, A. W. , Hartman, C. R., Mc Causland, M. P., & Powers, P. (1984). Response Patterns İn Children And Adolescents Exploited Through Sex Rings And Pornography. American Journal Of Psychiatry. V.141/5. Pp: 656-662.
- Butollo, W., Hagl, M. Ve Krüsmann, M. (1999). Kreativität und Destruktion posttraumatischer Bewältigung Forschungsergebnisse und Thesen zum Leben nach dem Trauma. Pfeiffer Verlag, München
- Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms İn The Cycle Of Violence. Science, V.250. Pp:1678-1683.
- Ferenczi, S. (2014). Psikolojik Travma. İstanbul: Cem Psikoloji
- Foa,E.B. ve Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure of corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, V:99. Pp:20-35
- Foa, E.B. ve Riggs. D.S. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder inrape victims. In J. Oldham, M. B. Riba, & A. Tasman, Annual review of psychiatry, Vol.12. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 273-303
- Fraser, G.A. (1997). Satanic Ritual Abuse: A Cause Of Multiple Personality Disorder. Special İssue: İn The Shadow Of Satan: The Ritual Abuse Of Children, Journal Of Child And Youth Care, Special İssue, Pp: 220-230
- Freedy, J. R, Kilpatrick, D. G. & Resnick, H. S. (1993). Natural disasters and mental health:Theory, assessment, and intervention. Ed. R. Allen. Handbook of post-disaster interventions (Special issue). Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality. V:8. Pp:49
- Gerson, B. (1992). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: The History of a Recent Concept British Journal of Psychiatry. V:161. Pp:742-748.
- Gold, P. B., Engdahl, B. E., Eberly, R. E., Blake, R. J., Page, W. F. & Freuh, B. C. (2000). Trauma exposure, resilience, social support, and PTSD construct validity among former prisoners of war. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. V:35. Pp:36-42.
- Green,B. L. (1994). Psyhosocial Research İn Traumatic Stress: An Update. Journal Of Traumatic Stress. V.7. Pp:341-362
- Herman, J.L. (2016). Travma ve İyileşme. Literatür Yayınları 4. Baskı. İstanbul
- Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma And Recovery: The Aftermath Of Violence-From Domestic Abuse To Political Terror. New York: Basic Books
- Herbert, C. (2014). Travma Sonrası Ortaya Çıkan Psikolojik Tepkileri Anlamak, İstanbul: Psikonet
- Herbert, C. (2007). Acceptance And Commitment Therapy For Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study. Behavior Modification, V.31. Pp:543-568.
- Hill, K. (1985). Ache Life History: The Ecology And Demography Of A Foraging People. New York: NY, Aldine De Gruyter, Inc.
- Huber, M. A. (2003). The Head And Neck Radiation Oncology Patient. Quintessence Int. V.34/9. Pp: 693-717.
- Jones, E. (2007). A Paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. V:2. Pp:164-175.
- Kluft, R.P. (1986). Personality Unification İn Multiple Personality Disorder: A Follow Up Study. In B.G. Braun (Ed.), Treatment Of Multiple Personality, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
- Lazarus, R S, (1990). Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry. V:1. Pp. 3–13.
- Letienberg, H., Gibson, L. E. & Novy, P. L. (2004). Individual differences among undergraduate women in methhods of coping with stressful events: the impact of cumulative childhod stressors and abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect. V:28. Pp:181-192.
- Ludwig, A.M. (1983). The Psychobiological Functions Of Dissociation. Am. J. Clin. Hypn. V.26. Pp:93- 99.
- Micale M (1989). Hysteria and Its Historiography: A Review of Past and Present Writings. V:223. Pp:47.
- Miller, M. W. (2003). Personality and the etiology and expression of PTSD: A three-factor model perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. V:10. Pp:373-393.
- Myers, L. B., Brewin, C. R., & Power, M. J. (1998). Repressive coping and the directed forgetting of emotional material. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. V:107. Pp:141-148.
- Özen, Y ve Gülaçtı, F. (2010). Self-Concept & Its Development: Need For A Conscious Self- Concept. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. V.12/2. Pp:515-542
- Özen, Y. (2017). “Traumatic "I" and Double-Wrapped Egg”. Social Sciences Studies Journal. V.3/6. Pp:685-695
- Pengilly, J. W. & Dowd, E. T. (2000). Hardiness and social support as moderators of stress. Journal of Clinical Psychology. V:56. Pp:813-820.
- Putnam, F.W. (2003) Ten-Year Research Update Review: Child Sexual Abuse. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, V.42/3. Pp:177-192
- Reemtsma, J. P. (2002), Im Keller, Hamburg. Hamburger Edition.
- Rothbaum BO, Astin MC, Marsteller F (2005). Prolonged Exposure versus Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. J TraumaStress. V:18(6). Pp:607-616
- Ruppert, F. (2014). Travma, Bağlanma Ve Aile Konstelasyonları Ruhun Yaralarını Anlamak Ve İyileştirmek. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları
- Reynolds, M. & Brewin, C. R. (1998). Intrusive memories in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. V:37. Pp:201-215.
- Ruppert, F. (2008). Trauma, Bonding And Family Constellations. Gren Balloon Publishing, Frome, UK
- Ruppert, F. (2002). Psychosis And Schizophrenia: Disturned Bonding İn Family Systems, Systemic Solutions Bulletin. V.3. Pp:12-19
- Sanders, B. ve Giolas, M.H. (1991). Dissociation And Childhood Trauma İn Psychologically Disturbed Adolescents. American Journal Of Psychiatry, V.148. Pp: 50-54.
- Sarason, L. G., Sarason, B. R., Pierce, G. R. & Shearin, E. N. (1987). Interrelations of social support measures: Theoretical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. V:52. Pp:813-832.
- Shalev, A. Y. (1996). Stress versus traumatic stress. From acute homeostatic reactions to chronic psychopathology. Ed. B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane ve L. Weisaeth. Traumatic stress. The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and soceity. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Schwartz, S.H. (2006). Basic Human Value: An Overview. (Les Valeurs De Base De La Personne, Theorie, Mesures Et Applications.) Revue Francaise De Sociologie. V. 4/2. Pp:249-288.
- Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A. & Sengupta, A. (2004). Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. V:17. Pp:85-95
- Shengold, L. (1989). Soul murder. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Schwartz, J. ve ark. (1989) "Posttraumatic stress as a consequence of the POW experience", J Nerv Ment Dis. V:177. Pp:147-153.
- Stepehens, C., Long, N. & Miller, I. (1997). The impact of trauma and social support on posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of New Zealend police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice. V:25. Pp:303-314.
- Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress. V:9. Pp:455-471.
- Turnbull G (1998) A review of posttraumatic stres disorder. Part 1: historical development and classification, Injury Vol.29(2). Pp:87-91
- Watkins, R ve Watkins, J. (2003). A Process For Aligning Performance Improvement Resources And Strategies. Onlinelibrary.Wiley.Com V:42 (7). Pp:9-17
- Wilson J (1994). The Historical Evolution of PTSD Diagnostic Criteria: From Freud to DSM- IV, Journal of Traumatic Stress, V:7(4). Pp:681-698.
- Yule, W. (1994) "Posttraumatic disorder", Chıldand Adolescent Psychiatry, Third Edition, M Rutter, E Taylor, Hersov (Ed), Australia, Blackwell Science. Pp:392-406. EXPANDED ABSTRACT Will the unbearable pain strengthen the individual? Does this pain strengthen our physical
